Cool Drinks

 Soft drink (see § Glossary for other names) is generally a drink that contains water (often carbonated), a sweetener and a natural and / or artificial flavor. The sweetener can be sugar, high fructose corn syrup, fruit juice, sugar substitute (in the case of diet drinks), or a combination of some of these. Soft drinks can also contain caffeine, colorants, preservatives, and / or other substances.

Soft drinks are called "soft" in contrast to "hard" alcoholic drinks. Soft drinks may contain small amounts of alcohol, but for the drink to be considered non-alcoholic, the alcohol content must be less than 0.5% of the total volume of the drink in most countries and regions [1] [2 ]. [3] Fruit punch, tea (kombucha), and other non-alcoholic beverages are technically soft drinks by this definition, but are generally not referred to.

Soft drinks can be served cold, on ice cubes, or at room temperature. They are available in many packaging formats, including cans, glass bottles, and plastic bottles. Containers come in a variety of sizes, from small bottles to large multi-liter containers. Soft drinks are widely available in fast food restaurants, movie theaters, convenience stores, casual dining restaurants, dedicated soft drink stores, vending machines and soft drink fountain machine bars. Soft drinks are generally served in disposable paper or plastic cups on the first three platforms. In casual dining restaurants and bars, soft drinks are often served in glass or plastic cups. Soft drinks can be drunk through straws or straight out of glasses.

Soft drinks are often mixed with other ingredients. In Western countries, bars, and other places where alcohol is consumed (for example, airplanes, restaurants, and nightclubs), many soft drinks are made by mixing soft drinks with hard liquor and serving them on ice. A popular example is rum and coke, which can also contain lemon juice. Some homemade fruit punch recipes may or may not contain alcohol, a mixture of different fruit juices, and soft drinks (for example, ginger ale). Floating ice creams and especially root beer are often sold in ice cream parlors and 1950s themed diners. Some sodas include lemon-lime sodas, orange sodas, cola, grape soda, and root beer. Examples of brands are Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Sprite, Sierra Mist, Fanta, Sunkist, Mountain Dew, Dr. Pepper, Crush, and 7UP.

Terminology

See also: Soft drink names in the United States

soft drinks, soft drinks, sodas, fizzy juices, Popsicle water, soft drinks, seltzer, soda, Coca Cola and Pop soda, tonic and mineral. [4] [5] Regular sodas are also known as sugary drinks because they are high in sugar.

In the United States, the 2003 Harvard Dialect Survey tracked the use of nine of the most common names. More than half of those surveyed liked the term "soda," which is prevalent in the northeastern United States, California, and around Milwaukee and St. Louis. The term "pop", which is preferred by 25% of respondents, is popular in the Midwest and Pacific Northwest, while the generic brand name "Coke" used by 12% of respondents. The term "tonic" is typical of eastern Massachusetts, although its use is declining. [6]

In the English-speaking parts of Canada, the word "pop" prevails, but "soda" is the most common English word used in Montreal. [7]

In the UK and Ireland, the term "Fijian drink" is common. "Pop" and "Fiji pop" are used in the north of England, South Wales and the Midlands, [8] "mineral" [5] or "lemon juice" (as a general term) in Ireland. In Scotland, "sparkling juice" or "juice" also comes up in conversation. In Australia and New Zealand, "soft drink" [9] or "Fijian drink" is commonly used. Indian English, "Cool Drink" is tall. The elderly often use the term "mineral".

In other languages, different names are used: descriptive names similar to "soft drinks", "sparkling water" or generalized prototypical names. For example, the Bohemian variant of the Czech language (but not the Moravian dialects) uses "lemonade" not just for lemons, but for all those drinks. Similarly, the Slovak language uses "malinovka" (= "raspberry water") not only for raspberries, but for all those drinks.

Story

 In the Middle Ages, fruit-flavored soft drinks, such as sorbet, were widely consumed and often sweetened with ingredients such as sugar, syrup, and honey.  In Tudor England, the 'Water Imperial' was very drunk; It is a sweet drink flavored with lemon and cream of tartar. 'Manes Christe' is a sweet cardigan scented with rose water, violets or cinnamon. [12]

The Compagnie des Limonadiers in Paris acquired a monopoly on the sale of lemonade in 1676. Vendors carried tanks of lemon juice on their backs and distributed glasses of soft drinks to Parisians.

Carbonated drinks

Carbon dioxide bubbles float on the surface of the carbonated soda.

Carbonated drinks or Fiji drinks are drinks that contain dissolved carbon dioxide. Dissolving CO2 in a liquid can cause effervescence or efficiency. This process generally involves high pressure carbon dioxide. When the pressure is removed, the carbon dioxide is released from the solution in tiny bubbles, causing the solution to become effective or viscous.  Carbon dioxide dissolves only weakly in water, so when the pressure is released it separates into gas.

Carbonated drinks are made by mixing flavored syrup with carbonated water, both cold. Carbonation levels range from up to 5 volumes of CO2 per volume of liquid. Ginger ale, colas, and related beverages are carbonated at 3.5 volumes. Other often fruitful drinks are low in gas. [14]

Engraving of scientific instruments classified as air drop. The dead rat is under a glass can.

Equipment used by Joseph Priestley in his experiments on carbonation of gases and water

In the late 18th century, scientists made significant progress in reflecting naturally occurring carbonated mineral waters. In 1767, Joseph Priestley, an Englishman, first invented a method of producing carbonated water with carbon dioxide. [15] his invention of carbonated water (also known as soda water) is an important and defining component of most soft drinks. [sixteen]

In 1772, Priestley published an article titled The Infusion of Water with Stable Air, in which vitriol (also known as sulfuric acid) is wrapped in oil to produce carbon dioxide and the gas is encouraged to dissolve in an intensified container. Water. [sixteen]

Another Englishman, John Mervyn Knoth, Priestley improved the design and sold his device for commercial use in pharmacies. Swedish chemist Torburn Bergman invented a device that made carbonated water from chalk using sulfuric acid. Bergmann's apparatus allowed the production of large quantities of imitation mineral water. Swedish chemist John Jacob Bergilius began adding flavors (spices, juices, and wine) to carbonated water in the late 18th century.

Thomas Henry, a Manchester apothecary, was the first person to sell artificial mineral water to the general public for medicinal purposes, beginning in the 1770s. His recipe for 'Bewlees' Mefitic Zulep' contains 3 liters of fossil alkali in water. , and the preparation 'has to go in constant drafts until all the alkaline taste is destroyed'.

Johann Jacob Schweppe developed a similar process to make carbonated mineral water at the same time. He founded the Schweppes Company in Geneva in 1783 to sell carbonated water, [17] and moved his business to London in 1792. His drink soon became popular; Among his newly discovered sponsors was Erasmus Darwin. In 1843, Schweppes marketed Malvern Water at Holywell Spring in Malvern Hills and obtained a Royal Warrant from King William IV. [18]

It didn't take long for the fragrance to mix with carbonated water. The first reference to carbonated ginger ale is in the practical treatise on brewing. Published in 1809. Drinking natural or artificial mineral water was considered a healthy habit at the time and was encouraged by advocates of moderation. Pharmacists selling mineral water began adding herbs and chemicals to disgusting mineral water. They used birch bark (see birch beer), dandelion, sarsaparilla, fruit extract, and other ingredients.

Mass market and industrialization

1883 Declaration for Schweppes Mineral Waters

Soft drinks soon transcended their origins in the medical world and became a widely consumed and affordable product for the public. In the 1840s, there were more than fifty soda manufacturers, an increase from just ten in the previous decade. Carbonated lemonade was widely available from British refreshment stands in 1833, [19] and in 1845, R.C. White's lemon juice goes on sale in the UK. [20] For the Great Exhibition of London in 1851, Schweppes was appointed official supplier of drinks and sold one million bottles of lemon juice, ginger ale, Seltzer water and soda. There is a Schweppes soda water fountain directly at the entrance of the exhibition. [12]

Mixed drinks became popular in the second half of the century. Tonic water was first added as an antidote to quinine malaria and was used by British authorities in the tropics of South Asia and Africa. People started mixing this powder with soda and sugar because the quinine powder was so bitter and a basic tonic water was created. The gin and tonic mixed drink also originated in British colonial India, where the British population combined their quinine tonic with gin.

The cod neck bottle made an effective impression on soft drinks in the late 19th century.

A persistent problem in the soft drink industry is the lack of effective bottle sealing. Carbonated beverage bottles are subject to a lot of gas pressure, so the inventors tried to find the best way to prevent carbon dioxide or bubbles from escaping. The bottles can also explode if the pressure is too high.  Its cod neck bottle is made of marble and designed to cover the grommet around the neck. The bottles were filled upside down and the pressure of the gas in the bottle pushed the marble against the washer, sealed in carbonation. The bottle was pinched in a special way to make room to push the marble to open the bottle. This prevented the marble neck from sticking while the drink was being poured. [12]

By 1873 it had issued 20 licenses and received 50 other applications. This was further compounded by a trade fair in London the same year. By 1874, the bottle maker was licensed to use marbles, sealing rings, and their groove tool, and the mineral water companies they traded with had already purchased a license to use their bottle.

In 1892, the "Crown Cork Bottle Seal" was patented by Baltimore William Painter, a Maryland machine shop operator. It was the first bottle cap to successfully bubble a bottle.  Previous glass bottles were blown up by hand. Four years later, the new bottle blowing machine is working. It was first discovered by Michael Owens, an employee of the Libby Glass Company. In a few years, the production of glass bottles increased from 1,400 bottles per day to 58,000 bottles per day.

In the United States, the soda fountain was initially more popular, and many Americans view the soda fountain more frequently on a daily basis. Since 1806, Benjamin Silliman, a chemistry professor at Yale University, has been selling soda pop in New Haven, Connecticut. He used a new tool to produce his waters. Businessmen in Philadelphia and New York began selling sparkling water as early as the 19th century.  Both were successful and built large factories to create fountains. U.S. Due to problems in the glass industry, bottled beverages were a small part of the market in the 19th century. .

New York in 1890. A street symbol called "Soda" appears in the lower left corner of the image.

At the beginning of the 20th century, sales of bottled soft drinks exploded, and in the second half of the 20th century, canned soft drinks became an important part of the market.

In the 1920s, "housepox" was invented. "Home-Pax" is a popular six-pack box made of cardboard.  Since then, soda vending machines have become increasingly popular. Both hot and soft drinks are sold all over the world in these self-service machines.

Consumption

Per capita consumption of soft drinks varies significantly around the world. As of 2014, the countries with the highest per capita consumption are Argentina, the United States, Chile and Mexico. Developed countries in Europe and other parts of America have significantly lower consumption. Average annual consumption in the United States of 153.5 liters is more than double that of the United Kingdom (77.7) or Canada (85.3). [2. 3]

In recent years, the consumption of soft drinks in general has decreased in Western countries. By one estimate, per capita consumption in the United States peaked in 1998 and has been declining steadily since then. [24] According to a study in the journal Ob Bakayam, the proportion of Americans who drank sugary beverages per day decreased from approximately 62% to 50% for adults and from 80% to 61% for children, from 2003 to 2014. [25] Among other factors, the reduction is due to increased awareness of the dangers of arrhythmias and government efforts to improve diet.

At the same time, soft drink consumption has increased in some low- and middle-income countries such as Cameroon, Georgia and Vietnam, as soft drink manufacturers increasingly target these markets and increase consumer discretionary income. [2. 3]

Production

A large green jar

Flavored bottling jug for 7-up. It has no sugar in a concentration similar to a syrup and is sold to franchisees for refilling.

 The production of soft drinks can be done in factories or at home. Soft drinks can be made at home by mixing syrup or powdered ingredients with carbonated water or by lacto-fermentation. The syrups are sold commercially by companies like Soda-Club; Famous America Drink Mix Cool-Aid style dry ingredients are often sold in bags. Carbonated water is made using a soda siphon or household carbonation system or by dipping dry ice in water. The food grade carbon dioxide used to carbonate beverages often comes from ammonia plants. [26]

Drinks like ginger ale and root beer often cause yeast carbonation.

Most importantly, the material meets accepted specifications on all major parameters. It is not only the functional parameter (i.e. the level of the main component), but also the physical parameters such as the level of impurities, the microbial state and color, particle size, etc. [27]

Some soft drinks contain measurable alcohol. In some older preparations, this occurred as a result of the natural fermentation process used to generate carbonation. In the United States, soft drinks (as well as other products like nonalcoholic beer) are allowed by law to contain up to 0.5% alcohol by volume. Modern drinks introduce carbon dioxide for carbonation, but there are some suggestions that alcohol is caused by the fermentation of sugars in a clean environment. Some soft drinks contain small amounts of alcohol, which is used in the manufacture of aromatic substances such as vanilla extract. [28]

Producers

More information: List of soft drink manufacturers

Market control of the soft drink industry varies from country to country. However, PepsiCo and The Coca-Cola Company are the two largest producers of soft drinks in most of the world. In North America, Curie Dr. Pepper and Jones Soda also have significant market share.

Excessive consumption of sugary beverages is associated with obesity, [29] [30] [31] [32] hypertension, [33] type 2 diabetes, [34] tooth decay, and low nutritional levels. [31] Experimental studies [Clarity needed] on the role of sugar-sweetened soft drinks in these diseases, [30] [31] although other researchers have questioned this. [35] [36] [37] According to a 2013 systematic review of systematic reviews, 83.3% of systematic reviews without conflict of interest concluded that consumption of sugary soft drinks is a risk factor for weight gain. [38]

Ob delays and weight-related illnesses

From 1977 to 2002, Americans doubled their consumption of sugary beverages [39], paralleling the trend of doubling the prevalence of arrears. [40] The consumption of sugary drinks is related to weight and balance, and changes in consumption can help predict changes in weight. [41]

The consumption of sugary soft drinks is associated with a number of weight-related diseases, including diabetes [34], metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk factors. [42]

Dental caries

Soft drinks are displayed on grocery store shelves.

Most sodas are high in simple carbohydrates: glucose, fructose, sucrose, and other common sugars. While oral bacteria ferment carbohydrates, dissolve tooth enamel, and produce acids that induce cavities, sugary drinks increase the risk of cavities. The higher the frequency of consumption, the greater the risk. [43]

Sodas are acidic in high amounts in many fruits, sauces, and other foods. Drinking acidic beverages and sipping continuously for a long time can deteriorate tooth enamel. A 2007 study found that some flavored sparkling waters are more erosive or more erosive than orange juice. [44]

Dentists often recommend the use of drinking straws, as the drink does not come in direct contact with the teeth. Due to the mechanical action of the toothbrush on weak enamel, it is recommended to refrain from brushing your teeth immediately after drinking soda. [Four. Five]

Bone density and bone loss

A 2006 study of several thousand men and women found that women who regularly drank cola (three or more times a day) had 4% lower bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip. Queues [46] The study found that regular consumption of cola did not have a significant effect on BMD in men. [46]

Benzene

Main article: Benzene in soft drinks

In 2006, the UK Food Standards Agency published the results of a survey on benzene levels in soft drinks, [47] which evaluated 150 products and found that they contained four levels of benzene higher than the World Organization's guidelines for Health (WHO) for drinking water.

The US Food and Drug Administration has published its own test results for benzoates and many soft drinks that contain ascorbic or erythorbic acid. Five of the beverages tested contained benzene levels above the 5 ppb recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency.

Kidney stones

A study published in the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology in 2013 found that soda consumption was associated with a 23% increased risk of developing kidney stones. [49]

Government control

Schools

Since at least 2006, there has been a growing debate about whether to allow vending machines for high-calorie soda in schools. Opponents of soda vending machines believe that soda is a significant contributor to teething and tooth decay in childhood, and that allowing soda to be sold in schools makes it safer for children to eat in moderation in large quantities . [50] Opponents argue that schools have a responsibility to ensure the health of the children in their care and that allowing children easy access to soft drinks violates that responsibility. [51] Proponents of machines believe that the esophagus is a complex problem and is not the only cause of soda. [52] The 2011 bill to tax soda in California failed, and some lawmakers argued that parents, not the government, should be held accountable for children's beverage choices. [53]

On May 3, 2006, the Alliance for a Healthy Generation, [54] Cadbury Schweppes, The Coca-Cola Company, PepsiCo, and the American Beverage Association announced new guidelines [55] that would voluntarily remove all high-calorie soft drinks from the US . Schools.

Among a wide range of activities, since September 2006, school meals do not contain carbonated beverages. Schools also ended up selling junk food (including carbonated drinks) from vending machines and stores.

In 2008, Samantha K. Graf published an article in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences on "Implications of the First Amendment to restrict the marketing of food and beverages in schools." This article examines the school district's policy on restricting the sale and marketing of soft drinks in public schools and examines how certain policies may violate the First Amendment. Due to district budget cuts and loss of state funding, many school districts allow commercial businesses to market and promote their products (including junk food and soft drinks) to public school students for additional revenue. Junk food and soda companies have acquired exclusive rights to vending machines on many public school campuses. Opponents of corporate marketing and advertising on school grounds are urging school authorities to limit or limit the power of the corporation to promote, market, and sell its product to school students. In the 1970s, the Supreme Court ruled that advertising was not a form of free speech, but a form of government-regulated business practice. Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. In the 1976 case of the Virginia Citizens Consumers Council, [56] the Supreme Court ruled that advertising or "business speech" was somewhat protected by the First Amendment. To avoid the corporate challenge of the First Amendment, public schools can create agreements that limit sales of specific advertising and products. Public schools may also prohibit the sale of all food and beverage products on campus, but they do not violate freedom of association. [57]

On December 13, 2010, President Obama signed the Healthy Hungry Kids Act of 2010 [58] (which will take effect in 2014) which requires federally funded schools to provide healthy snacks and beverages to students. The law prohibits the sale of soft drinks to students and schools must provide healthy options such as water, unpleasant low-fat milk, 100% fruit and vegetable drinks, or carbonated drinks without sugar. The serving sizes available to students are based on age: eight ounces for elementary schools and twelve ounces for middle and high schools. Advocates for the law hope the new order will make it easier for students to make healthy drink choices while at school. [59]

In 2015, Terry-McLareth and her colleagues published a study in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine on common soda regimens and their impact on the availability of school drinks and student consumption. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the program beginning with the 2014-2015 school year, which requires schools participating in federal reimbursable meal programs to eliminate all competing venues (cafeteria vending machines and snack shops / bars. Carte). / Cars), on the availability of unhealthy beverages in schools and student consumption. This study analyzed state and school district policies requiring soda bans and found that state bans were associated with significantly lower availability of school soda, but district bans did not show significant affiliations. Furthermore, there is no significant relationship between state policies and student consumption. In the student population, state policy is directly related to less availability of soft drinks in schools and indirectly to less consumption by students. This was also not observed in the rest of the student population. [60]

Tax

Main article: Tax on sugary drinks

In the United States, legislators, health professionals, and consumer advocates are considering imposing higher taxes on the sale of soda and other sweet products to prevent the spread of esophagitis among Americans and reduce its detrimental effect on health in general. Some argue that higher taxes will help reduce soda consumption. [61] Others say the taxes will help fund education to increase consumer awareness of the harmful effects of overconsumption of soft drinks and will also help cover the costs of maintaining conditions caused by overconsumption. [62] The food and beverage industry has a significant presence in Washington, D.C., having contributed more than 50 million to legislators since 2000. [63]

In January 2013, a British lobby group called for an increase in the price of Fiji's sugary drinks, and the money raised ($ 1 billion to 20p a liter) went to the "Children's Future Fund," a government agency. independent supervision that would encourage children to eat healthier at school.

Prohibitions

In March 2013, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg proposed banning the sale of non-food soft drinks larger than 16 ounces, except in convenience stores and supermarkets. The state judge defended the lawsuit against the ban, expressing concern that the ban was "fraught with arbitrary and capricious consequences." Bloomberg announced that he was appealing the verdict. [66] [update required]